The Greatest Guide To mega city daegu

Daegu offers a vivid, age-aged medicinal culture and among the finest sites to explore it really is Yangnyeongsi Market. Opened in 1658, the market is among the number of of its kind that still exists nowadays, and Just about 50 % of Korea?�s trade of medicinal herbs happens here.

This sector, west from the central searching district, contains a background as extensive as its scope. It dates from 1658, rendering it Korea?�s oldest drugs market and??From our past knowledge of primary group journeys here, we will confidently declare that Daegu is undoubtedly an complete gem waiting being explored. Brace your self for your thrilling journey through cultural miracles, amazing nature places, and vivid contemporary points of interest.

eighties period and was Particularly known for its electronics sector. The humid subtropical weather of Daegu is perfect for making significant-high-quality apples, As a result the nickname, "Apple City".|Megacities generally have major figures of homeless men and women. The actual legal definition of homelessness may differ from place to place, or amongst various entities or institutions in a similar nation or region.[38]|There are some retailers nearby in which you can hire bikes and electrical scooters to experience along the margins. When the weather allows, This is often also a great place for any picnic with pals or family. Order shipping, deliver food from your home, or obtain a corn dog with the vending stalls nearby.|This post wants additional citations for verification. Be sure to aid improve this information by including citations to responsible resources. Unsourced substance may be challenged and taken off.|Seomun Sector is not just a spot for trade, it's the beating heart of Daegu. Heir to the trading traditions with the Joseon dynasty, it is actually nowadays a energetic Room in which vibrant fabrics rub shoulders with a rich and diverse gastronomy.|Resembling a starship from outer House, the ARC is a great place to visit on a lazy Sunday. Mainly because it?�s Found ideal within the confluence with the Nakdong and Geumho rivers, the cinematic pure environment invites many people looking to relax.|Dongseongno Avenue, quite possibly the most distinguished retail Road in downtown Daegu, is sometimes as compared to Myeongdong in Seoul. This boulevard supplies everything from luxury merchants to quick trend and perhaps Korean splendor products to vacationers looking for to knowledge Daegu in all its splendor.|During the night, it lights up and transforms, presenting an incredible a number of food stuff stalls where to enjoy regional delicacies which include mandu (Korean ravioli) or tteokbokki (spicy rice cakes). It is a must for anyone eager to sample the essence of Korean street food in the festive ambiance.|By haeparanggil.com Adhere to the Haeparang tracking trail no. 21 and witness one of the most breathtaking sights of the shimmering blue east sea and lush woodlands.|Daegu and all of North Gyeongsang province experienced hefty guerrilla routines from the late nineteen forties, as thousands of refugees shied away from the fighting in Jeolla province and sought shelters in Daegu.|Such a partnership promises not merely a bigger geographic and demographic footprint but an unparalleled strategic alliance in numerous sectors. Advised by LinkedIn|3. Addressing Regional Worries City and industrial development bring with them worries connected to sustainability plus the setting. Concerns like water offer, waste administration, air pollution, and also the force for renewable Strength sources are significantly essential. The BUG Mega City strategy, by unifying the 3 locations, can strategize holistic remedies. Regardless of whether it?�s an built-in drinking water administration procedure, shared squander-to-Power crops, joint air top quality checking networks, or collaborative investments in wind and solar Electricity, the mixed could possibly of BUG can pave the best way for a greener long run. 4. Joint Responses to Modern-day Problems Within an period outlined by unexpected worries just like the COVID-19 pandemic, the necessity for cohesive techniques hasn't been clearer. The BUG Mega City?�s possible lies not just in shared assets but in shared resilience. By pooling medical services, exploration, and public overall health strategies, the region can navigate these kinds of crises with increased efficacy. In addition, as South Korea embarks on its bold Korean New Offer, specializing in green growth and digital transformation, the BUG Mega City, with its blended industrial, technological, and human means, could be a lynchpin while in the realization of the countrywide eyesight. In conclusion, the BUG Mega City, whilst nascent in its conceptualization, holds the guarantee of redefining South Korea?�s regional enhancement. By harnessing its intrinsic possible and addressing shared difficulties head-on, it could really perfectly set a benchmark for built-in urban-regional development in the twenty first century. The Yeongnam Grand Mega City and Inter-regional Collaboration|Air air pollution will be the introduction in the environment of substances, particulate make a difference, or Organic supplies that bring about hurt or pain to human beings or other living organisms, or damages the pure surroundings.[forty seven][forty eight] A lot of urban regions have significant issues with smog, a sort of air air pollution derived from car emissions from inner combustion engines and industrial fumes that respond within the environment with sunlight to sort secondary pollutants that also Mix with the first emissions to kind photochemical smog. Power and substance means|The jackpot had been expanding since somebody that purchased a Mega Tens of millions ticket at ShopRite in Neptune Township won The huge $1.thirteen billion prize on March 26. It?�s the most significant prize at any time received in New Jersey as well as eighth major in U.S. lottery record.|Carry on studying to learn more about what to do in Daegu which includes some tourist popular functions to test, what Daegu is known for, along with the top rated three spots to remain in the course of your excursion and more.|Just after exiting the cable car or truck, site visitors can also acquire within a panoramic view of Daegu with the Apsan Observatory.|The approval for transform of land use inside a household region without the need of consultation with area citizens implies a failure through the local district Business office to adequately guidance each communities, and on the authorities to mediate effective conversation between the two teams. Notably, the Muslim community did not disseminate information and facts for the area citizens on its options, Regardless of regional recognition of Muslim worship inside a property on the site considering that 2014, and typical acceptance of what some people saw as evening-time disturbance over the time of Ramadan.[forty eight] Since the dispute began however, dialogue in between the regional people and the Muslim community is hampered by 3rd functions in Korea, in accordance with the Muslim Group spokesperson.[forty seven] As of May 2023, construction was underway; differences had not been settled.[47] Training[edit]|On the decrease station there?�s a swimming pool, driving array and amenities for horseback Using and archery.|The jackpot were rising considering the fact that a person who acquired a ticket at ShopRite in Neptune Township received The large $one.13 billion prize on March 26. It?�s the greatest prize ever received in New Jersey and the eighth largest in U.S. lottery history.|Daegu International Airport (TAE) handles flights from several major international metropolitan areas and also domestic flights. Situated only a few kilometers in the city center, the airport is nicely served by public transportation and cabs, producing your arrival from the city a breeze.|Attending to Daegu is the two quick and handy, because of its central site in South Korea and fantastic transport backlinks. No matter if you might be arriving from overseas or touring throughout the state, there are lots of alternatives for locating this one of a kind city.|If you are looking to continue to be someplace in which you have use of the freshest Korean meals, Dalseong Region may be the most effective area so that you can remain. |Daegu is rich in ancient culture, spectacular attractions, and purely natural natural beauty. Don't just this, the astonishingly attractive city is worthy of observing and has a whole lot to supply its travelers.|"This page may comprise affiliate one-way links, meaning we may possibly receive a small Fee, without charge to you, for those who generate a invest in via a website link!"|The exhibitions are mostly present day and contemporary art Nonetheless they?�re all quite spectacular. It?�s also really reasonably priced when put next to similar exhibitions in massive western cities. And Despite the fact that most of the highlighted artists are Korean, there?�s however a good level of Global artwork.|Bullo-dong Tomb Park is home to over two hundred historic burial mounds throughout only one valley. It?�s very much just like the Egyptian pyramid tradition.|The merchants are all rather extravagant, and there?�s many luxurious brands. The meals court is very a sight in itself, produced out to resemble town streets. There are numerous wonderful destinations to grab a bite but I extremely suggest making an attempt Crystal Jade?�s Xiao Extended Bao.|Even though most locals prefer to shop in the supermarket or Office store, regular sector society however thrives in Daegu. Seomun Current market, By way of example, is one of Korea?�s final remaining markets within the Joseon Dynasty, and in some cases nowadays is the most effective markets within the city to pick up area develop. There?�s a human body painting Competition Held in late summer season at Duryu Park, the annual Daegu Worldwide Bodypainting Festival (DIBF) is definitely an occasion to be professional. Below, artists from all corners in the globe Acquire to showcase their abilities. The celebration culminates in the body portray Competitiveness, exactly where approximately nude types are transformed into unbelievable operates of artwork in only a few several hours.}

Amidst The great thing about the landscape, find historic temples nestled in serene configurations, supplying moments of tranquility and spiritual reflection. Take a breath of fresh new mountain air and immerse yourself in the rejuvenating harmony of nature?�s bounty.

Archaeological investigations from the Better Daegu place have uncovered a large number of settlements and burials of the prehistoric Mumun pottery period of time (close to 1500??300 BC). In truth, several of the earliest proof of Mumun settlement in Gyeongsangdo are excavated from Siji-dong and Seobyeon-dong.|The region has long gone from a comparatively higher poverty to top 20 richest countries in a lot less than 30 yrs. The Kingdom of Silla, ruled by King Gyeongdeok, the 35th monarch in 757 starts to utilize the name of Daegu. The swift industrial development, especially in the textile sector, has authorized Daegu in 1960 to surpass its neighboring towns.|Instagram of Daegu City When you are thinking about getting a break from city lifetime then do think about traveling to the slow-paced ecosystem in Mabijeong Mural Village. It is a little but gorgeous village which attracts visitors from internationally.|Daegu Sindang Elementary Faculty is really a general public elementary university situated in Dalseo-gu, Daegu, close to the campus of Keimyung College. The college's motto is "To lift small children who are upright, sensible, and robust", and its emblem and flower tend to be the magnolia and pine tree, respectively. Daegu Sindang Elementary Faculty has a history of excellence in sports, music and lecturers, and it has won quite a few awards in these fields.|Daegu skyline as noticed from KNU's Technopark Frequently, Daegu is referred to as a conservative city. Together with getting the biggest inland city from the country beside Seoul it is becoming among the main metropolitan places while in the nation.|Sign up for passionate followers while you cheer to the city?�s beloved baseball workforce, the Samsung Lions, and practical experience the thrill of a Stay sporting function.|The tower is more than two hundred meters in peak and among the finest areas to Opt for a date night. Get pleasure from the last word birds-eye view of Daegu within the prime exactly where You can find a wonderful revolving restaurant at the same time.|There?�s a festival dedicated to chicken and beer The most effective methods to chill down in Daegu, Korea?�s hottest city, is always to gorge on chimaek, the famous Korean culinary blend of hen and beer. The Daegu Rooster & Beer Festival, which happens to be held each year in July, presents website visitors with the opportunity to knowledge this increasingly popular Korean gastronomic pattern. Some a hundred collaborating sellers serve up the region?�s most effective recipes, although K-pop concert events keep audiences entertained.|IVisitKorea is actually a participant from the Amazon Solutions LLC Associates Software, an affiliate promotion plan intended to offer a way for websites to make promoting revenues by advertising and marketing and linking to Amazon.|In this battle, the forces of Goryeo had been crushed and Wang Kŏn himself was saved only with the heroic deed of his normal Sin Sung-gyŏm. Having said that, the atrocities from the Later Baekje forces at the moment evidently transformed community sympathizers to favor Wang Kŏn, who afterwards grew to become the king of Goryeo.|If you intend to journey round the outskirts of Daegu, it is a good idea to deliver an automobile or rent an automobile. It requires about 4 several hours (300km) from Seoul to Daegu by motor vehicle using the Jungbu Naeryuk Expressway.|If you purchase an item or register for an account by way of a connection on our website, we might get compensation. By utilizing This great site, you consent to our User Settlement and concur that the clicks, interactions, and personal info might be gathered, recorded, and/or saved by us and social websites together with other third-get together companions in accordance with our Privacy Policy.|By Alltrails.com The Biseulsan park offers abundant terrain and normal forest. Its resort is a super position for many who are seeking rest and respite.|The hospitality and friendliness of Daegu's people increase an extra dimension to the customer expertise. Hospitality is a local delight, and vacationers quickly experience in your own home.|As such, Jeju City won't take pleasure in special autonomy and only has a similar authorized powers as the Substantially smaller sized Seogwipo City. The executive authority of Jeju City is trying to extend the scope of administrative authority delegated from your provincial government to your city federal government.[four] Particular-position city[edit]|Immerse oneself during the spiritual ambiance of Donghwasa Temple, a revered haven of Buddhism nestled inside the mountains. Marvel in the sight from the colossal Buddha statue, towering 17 meters higher, mainly because it presides about the temple grounds.|You'll be able to view the Seonhwa-dang constructing where the governor worked, valued as on the list of handful of surviving government structures from your period in Korea, in addition to the governor?�s home Jungcheong-gak.|Keimyung University, major setting up Daegu and its satellite towns are one of many parts that have the most important private larger academic establishments in Korea. Lots of of their primary campuses are located while in the close by Gyeongsan city which serves the Daegu location as a university town. Kyungpook Nationwide College (KNU) is One of the more highly ranked and nicely arranged national universities in Korea. It holds substantial ranks in and within the city in several academic fields, even though DGIST(Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technological know-how) is recognized as one among Korea's top rated universities in the field of science and technology.|A giant city can be a city (besides a Unique city or simply a metropolitan city) that has a populace higher than 500,000, and has actually been selected by an get with the nationwide authorities beneath Posting 198 of your Nearby Autonomy Act. Big municipal towns are supplied the ability to subdivide on their own into non-autonomous districts (?�반�? 一?��?).|It?�s a sight that photographs can?�t do justice and will make the climb and also the difficult journey just before it (metro, bus ride and taxi) totally truly worth your when.|Don?�t fail to remember to deliver your digicam and when you did it mistakenly, just after flying high altitudes and landing you will end up presented the flight video clip. The better part is you will get the online video quickly, you don?�t need to hold out to acquire it.|The Yangnyeongsi herb healthcare Competition and Otgol village Competition are classified as the contemporary festivals about regular tradition.|sights, there are also a good amount of tables and sheds that permit for your food split or simply an outdoor catnap. Very well-maintained boardwalks and ropewalks make the stroll very simple.|In the event you?�re a supporter, you?�ll be joyful to determine that one of the major professional streets in downtown Daegu sells Korean cosmetics virtually completely.}

In the second fifty percent on the twentieth century, the city underwent explosive growth, along with the inhabitants has elevated a lot more than tenfold Considering that the stop of the Korean War. of the hydrogen industry ecosystem inside the Yeongnam area ??Establishment|Institution} with the Yeongnam area railway and highway-concentrated cooperation job ??Establishment|Institution} of the built-in logistics association within the Yeongnam region ??Water|Drinking water|H2o} high quality improvement venture within the water provide resource (Nakdong River) ?�Y-Waterfront: Grand tour of rivers and seas ??Establishment|Institution} and Procedure of the Yeongnam location regional cooperation committee ??Sharing and linking of medical resources was recommended.|Each visitor leaves with an enriched eyesight of South Korea, an indelible memory of the city that oscillates concerning earlier and upcoming.|The city?�s textile industries are significantly vital, and there are also metallic and equipment-constructing industries. Daegu is best known, having said that, for the standard of the apples grown within the bordering place, that happen to be exported through East and Southeast Asia.|Consider leisurely strolls along the scenic lakefront, enjoy picnics amidst blooming cherry blossoms in Spring, or use a paddleboat for your soothing experience to the tranquil waters.|It?�s a tidy brick construction with two basement floors. You will find a few Show rooms, one of and that is a Unique show hall.|It had been absorbed into the kingdom of Silla no later on compared to the fifth century. The vestiges with the wall could be found, and relics have already been excavated in The existing Dalseong Park. Silla[edit]|In conclusion, Daegu unfolds like a fascinating blend of tradition, mother nature, and contemporary attract. With the best factors to do in Daegu at your fingertips, immerse your self 대구룸 from the city?�s vibrant tradition, examine ancient temples, and savor mouthwatering Road food items at bustling marketplaces.|It's surrounded by an abundance of restaurants and low stores, and partners and households ordinarily Collect listed here. In the evening, the lake lights up with a songs and fountain demonstrate. And from the springtime, the shorelines turn pink with all The gorgeous cherry blossoms.|Instagram of Daegu.go.kr For anyone who is a museum person then this museum is the best therapy to suit your needs. You might working experience the a huge selection of yr-previous traditions of oriental medicines and medicines markets in this article.|Daegu, metropolitan city, southeastern South Korea. Daegu is one of South Korea?�s biggest urban places and has the status of a metropolitan city underneath the immediate Charge of the central govt, with administrative position equivalent to that of the province.|The fortress, on the other hand, were demolished during the early 20th century. Though Daegu would be the nation's third or fourth greatest city, the Dongseongno spot kind the biggest as well as the broadest downtown location in The complete country apart from the cash city, Seoul. Typically, well known makes open their branch store initial here out of the Bigger Seoul space.[forty two]|The fireplace spread throughout two trains within just minutes, killing 192 individuals and injuring 151 others. It continues to be the deadliest deliberate lack of existence in a single incident in South Korean peacetime record.|While you?�d hope, spring and summer season certainly are a high-quality time for you to spend a stop by, although the arboretum?�s landmark function will be the Chrysanthemum Competition across two months at the conclusion of October and begin of November.|Jjimgalbi: braised beef ribs cooked in an aluminum pot with a deep spicy, sweet, and garlicky marinade}

When you discuss the busiest searching street in Daegu, then Dongseongno would be the one. This alley is lively throughout the year.

Spring and tumble are unquestionably the best times to go to, mainly because it?�s in the event the seasonal hues arrive at daily life. There?�s also a lovely Korean Backyard and plenty of picnic decks, in which you can delight in a pleasant meal with family and friends although savoring the surroundings and new air. All Cookies?? you conform to the storing of cookies in your gadget to enhance web-site navigation, evaluate web page utilization, and guide in our advertising endeavours.|You will not only get peaceful but will even experience what you may have not skilled right before. You can find gender-divided modifying rooms and hot bathtubs. So What exactly are you looking ahead to?|Also, the city would be the warmest location in South Korea due to humid subtropical climate. This weather ailment gives the location with high quality apples and oriental melons. The fruit sector is an important assistance to the nearby financial state.|It?�s about a 30-moment bus experience from the middle and much better witnessed with a sunny day. Take a stroll, Use a picnic, and rest whilst making the most of the distant city sights.|E-Worldwith its majestic eighty three Toweris extra than just an amusement park. It symbolizes Daegu's ability to combine modern day amusement with pure beauty. The tower, providing a breathtaking panorama in the city and its surroundings, is ideal for pictures lovers or Individuals searching for a romantic second beneath The celebs. The adjacent park, with its different points of interest, assures an enjoyable-stuffed working day for visitors of any age.|You will find numerous exhibitions and hands-on coaching applications. The museum also offers animation and graphic exhibits in over three languages.|Unsurprisingly, visits into the deity spike all through Korea?�s once-a-year faculty entrance Examination time period in late November, so count on crowds in the course of that time|From housing and transportation to general public expert services and amenities, each facet of city living in the Better Seoul Region faces pressure due to its dense inhabitants. This has resulted in skyrocketing real-estate rates, congested transit devices, and environmental degradation. Next, when the Increased Seoul Location thrives, the depopulation in peripheral regions leaves behind ghost cities, underutilized infrastructure, and dwindling neighborhood economies. The cultural and societal fabric of such areas receives weakened as more youthful generations migrate to urban facilities, leaving behind an getting old populace with restricted means. This imbalance also ends in a lack of regional identity, traditions, and heritage, as there are less folks to hold them forward. Economically, this disparity ensures that even though the capital area is burgeoning, other areas are lacking out on potential investments, improvements, and development opportunities. This not only boundaries the nationwide economic likely but additionally brings about a lopsided advancement where prosperity will not be shared equally over the country. The magnet effect with the Larger Seoul Spot, whilst comprehensible, has designed a ripple of difficulties. It?�s a conundrum of urbanization where the quite factors that make a area attractive also lead to its downsides. And because the disparities develop, so does the urgency to handle this imbalance, for that sake of the harmonious and sustainable long term for South Korea. From Money Dominance to Balanced Advancement: The Genesis of the BUG Vision|The very best flooring presents a novel pleasant see of Daegu?�s cityscape. There?�s an ample open Area it is possible to roam in freely, choose pictures, and grab a bite.|The pavilion, clad with silver pillows and made to evoke a skipping stone or Korean rice bowl was created by Ny?�s Asymptote studio as Section of the whole world Expo 2012.|However, In addition there are leisure facilities in the mountain?�s base in which travelers can get pleasure from other functions like archery, horseback Using, and swimming.|The unmatched focus of academic institutions, organizations, technological breakthroughs, and cultural treasures can make it a magnet not only for Koreans but for world wide expertise and investments. Even though the capital region surges in advance, non-cash areas uncover on their own within a precarious place. As opposed to collaborating, these regions frequently find themselves inside of a zero-sum Level of competition from each other for resources, expertise, and investments. This intra-regional Levels of competition does them no favors. As an alternative to strengthening their specific positions towards the capital, they inadvertently weaken their collective stance. With Each individual area wanting to outdo the other, the main target will get subtle, and the overall possible will get diluted. On this race, the capital location, with its consolidated energy, invariably comes out in advance, more widening the development hole. The BUG Mega City Idea emerges from this backdrop to be a beacon of hope. Recognizing the constraints of earlier endeavors plus the stark realities in the existing, this concept aims to pool the strengths of Busan, Ulsan, and Gyeongnam, developing a formidable counterweight for the cash?�s dominance. By fostering collaboration above competition and leveraging its exceptional strengths, the BUG Mega City has the possible to reshape South Korea?�s developmental narrative, making sure a far more balanced and inclusive advancement story for the long run. The Synergies of Busan, Ulsan, and Gyeongnam|Daegu's first standard marketplaces were recognized during the late Joseon period of time. Essentially the most well known of these would be the Yangnyeongsi herbal medicine market place. This turned a Middle of herbal trade in Joseon, and in some cases captivated purchasers from neighboring international locations.|The city has a number of shops. Quite a few of such belong to national or multinational chains, nevertheless the community Daegu Department Retailer also operates two branches, when An additional neighborhood chain, Donga Section Retail outlet operates 4 within the city appropriate.|You will see this place really worth paying time on throughout the year in the many seasons. Its blooming bouquets, wonderful dales, and ice-capped mounts are giving away bewitching sights.|The majority of the effectively-acknowledged substantial universities can be found in Suseong-gu since its academic grade and zeal are higher regular inside the nation.|In 1905, the old fortress wall was ruined. To be a tribute into the wall, streets that now operate wherever the wall when stood have already been named Bukseongno, Namseongno, Dongseongno and Seoseongno, which translates as "north fortress street", "south fortress Avenue", "east fortress Road" and "west fortress Road" respectively.|When we wrote this list in 2019 there experienced just been a solo exhibition with the prolific Alex Katz in addition to a retrospective for Jeon Seon Taek, Daegu?�s primary twentieth-century artist.|An icon and motif of Daegu, this Wonderful cruciform church is fairly a sight, with its twin spires. Originally constructed in Wooden, the initial incarnation??Daegu herbal medicine market: Relationship from 1658, this market place has a big background record. It would make him one among the largest and oldest drug current market in Korea. Full of shops giving off distinctive fragrance who'll awake your curiosity.|Pay a visit to Lake Suseong is a jewel of tranquility. With its charming cafés and h2o-based mostly leisure facilities, It can be the ideal spot for a soothing working day or even a passionate evening.|Unfortunately, your browser is just not supported. Make sure you down load a single of such browsers for the most effective experience on usatoday.com|Many regular ceremonies and festivals in agrarian society disappeared in the entire process of modernization. A Confucian ritual ceremony called Seokjeondaeje is held at Daegu-hyanggyo just about every spring and autumn.|If you purchase an item or sign up for an account via a website link on our web page, we may perhaps obtain payment. By making use of This website, you consent to our Consumer Settlement and agree that your clicks, interactions, and private information and facts could be gathered, recorded, and/or stored by us and social websites and other third-social gathering associates in accordance with our Privacy Policy.|The city?�s area for the junction of two important rivers gave rise to Seomun Market place, which can be famed for its fabrics, which is a Avenue meals mecca right after Dusk.|The community apple-rising field began to prosper following missionaries from The us while in the early 20th century grafted cuttings from American apple trees onto the neighborhood crab apple trees.}

It?�s stuffed with quirks Daegu most undoubtedly has a quirky facet which can be skilled via its one of a kind festivals and points of interest. King Sejong?�s umbilical cord shrine, for example, properties the placentas and umbilical cords of his youngsters (this was considered to provide excellent fortune to the royal progeny). The city also features other quirky destinations for instance a gallery focused on velvet, a sci-fi themed cafe as well as a Harry Potter cafe. It?�s at the same time present day and common Even though Daegu has all of the conveniences and features of a modern metropolis, it?�s also rooted in custom, as evidenced by locales like Otgol Village.

This method also has a tendency to result in a lower in ordinary family members measurement in the region. Such a inhabitants transform reduces industrial land use when it really is redeveloped for commerce and housing. Air pollution}